[pron]

Inside a single physical frame, that contains many inlined Java methods (the current default is inlining up to depth of 15, not counting "trivial" methods that are always inlined), locals are always in registers (unless they're exhausted), and are spilled only at safepoints, e.g. when another physical call is made, which is where all languages have to spill, too. Stack maps include only pointers and incur no runtime overhead on the fast-path, and are not used when throwing exceptions, even outside the current physical frame. There's additional debug info metadata associated with compiled code, which also incurs no runtime overhead on fast paths, that maps even primitives to their registers/spill locations; that debug info also maps compiled code locations to their logical, VM bytecode, source ("de-inlining"), and is consulted in the creation of the exception when a stack trace is requested.