[c618b9b695c4]

>Anyone who has ever cultured cells on any scale can attest to the amount of water needed at any scale in terms of washing, rinsing, diluting, sterilizing, feeding, etc.

There is an enormous difference in scale and efficiency between a lab scale process and an industrial one. Researchers (myself included) do what gets the job done quickly, not necessarily balancing the budget at the same time.

[hcknwscommenter]

Yes there is an enormous difference in scale. Efficiency? In cell culture? In terms of GHG or emissions or energy use? I find that hard to believe. In my personal experience (not data, but relevant), none of the manufacturing scale processes were particularly optimized in terms of GHG/energy. Rather, yield was the primary target and consistency was the very close secondary target. Sometimes, vice versa. I 10x improvement of yield can very easily lead to higher GHG emission intensity, or no effect at all, e.g.