[Nextgrid]

My point is that if there's zero exposure to fraud then the purchase should go ahead regardless of whether the anti-fraud libraries load or provide a negative result.

So this means that users who expose the site to fraud must allow the anti-fraud libraries to track them, or switch to a bank that offers 3D-Secure so that liability is shifted to the bank and they no longer need to be tracked. Seems like a win-win situation.

> There is also card testers that test to see if the card is still valid.

Same scenario applies? If it's protected by 3D-Secure, who cares? The bank will end up paying the cost of it, not the merchant. If anything, this is a problem I'd love to have, as it means if I can identify those reliably I can keep pocketing money without even having to send out any actual goods.