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Thanks for the link.

I was concerned more with content indexing of URLs that are not meant to be public, to the point where that content could show in search results. Imagine my editor emails me a link to a blog article for approval before publishing. Or, as a designer, you create a draft of a web page to show to your client; and for the convenience of said client, you prefer not to have it password protected (nor take the time to set it up - you have enough to do!)

In both cases, imagine that someone loads the URL in their Chrome browser. If that action resulted in the URL being added to the googlebot's itinerary, even though no publicly visible webpage links to it, the result could be the exposure of information that we don't want. Or for the blog post example, it could even affect SEO by causing a duplicate content penalty.

Of course we can password protect the page, exclude the urls in robots.txt, etc. But there is a labor cost and inconvenience to having to do that, and there is always risk that something would slip through.

That said, what I write above is likely pure speculation; I don't know of any evidence that Google is actually doing this, and it seems unlikely to me that they would.