In the old days they used to print giant books of these "phone numbers" and drop them on your neighbours porches. Odd how things that were common are now security risks.
In Australia you have to pay extra for this feature, like $3/month, and extra for caller ID blocking, but cell numbers get unlisted status for free. I haven't had a landline for a decade. Is this still the case in the US?(https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2010/08/unlisted-phon...)
Makes me wonder how sparse phone numbers would have to be to make spam impractical. Would people use long virtual numbers? Imagine if your friends had your 64 digit phone number, and you would know it was a non spam inbound caller.
Or even better, TOFU, like a Signal call. Or just a Signal data channel over LTE.