[mbar84]

Wrt. your second question: Supply of Bitcoin is pretty much constant, regardless of energy expended, regardless of mining technology. The causation runs like this: demand -> price -> mining. Less demand, lower price, less mining. More demand, higher price, more mining. This is different than any other resource we are used to, because the supply of nothing else is as constant as with bitcoin. If the cost to mine Gold increases, the supply goes down and the price will rise.

Wrt your first question: The best argument against making energy more expensive is the same argument as it was 100 years ago:

If you use energy now, you build a more prosperous civilization for the future. Your grandchildren may have to deal with a warmer climate, but they will be much better able to do so than if they were more poor.

This argument stands and falls with your evaluation of the benefits of using more energy, the costs of a warmer climate and how you weigh these against each other.