[rglullis]

The way to fix that is to remove state altogether.

  1. Balance is not a simple variable, but the sum of all credits and debits to an account
  2. A fee is a charge record in your database
  3. This fee has a database constraint that you can have only one record per month

Now you can run the script that charges dormant fees as often as you want.

[bradleybuda]

This is exactly the right approach, and the easiest way to implement idempotency in many realistic systems. Instead of thinking about idempotency in verbs - "perform action iff action has not yet been performed" - think about it in nouns - "create a piece of data whose key is the tuple of its inputs".

Practically speaking, this narrows your "transaction window" significantly - instead of:

  1. Begin transaction
  2. Check to see if work has already been done
  3. Do work
  4. Persist work
  5. Commit

With a potentially long transaction spanning from 1-5, you do this:

  1. Do work
  2. Persist work to key / table with uniqueness constraint
  3. On conflict, do nothing (looks like you already did the work before)

Of course if "Do work" is very expensive, you can bring back in "Check to see if work has already been done" as an optimization, but for many simple CRUD examples, it's actually /cheaper/ to learn that the work has already been done via the conflict check failing than via an explicit pre-flight check.