[qpiox]

Some research on the topic: https://doi.org/10.1145/3344429.3372502

"The group found that pass rates in introductory programming courses appear to average about 75%; that there is some evidence that they sit at the low end of the range of pass rates in introductory STEM courses; and that pass rates both in introductory programming and in other introductory STEM courses appear to have remained fairly stable over the past five years. All of these findings must be regarded with some caution, for reasons that are explained in the paper"

[analog31]

I wonder if it matters that in virtually every other STEM field, students in the intro course have already had a year of the subject in high school. In math, they've had several years, and at most colleges, they take a placement exam before they're allowed to take calculus as freshmen.