It doesn't say anything about the inverse. You can simultaneously believe success is determined by yourself and failures are just bad luck. It's positive thinking. Some enjoy it, some don't.
Interpreted as a literal propositional statement, it's saying "if you have a good attitude, then you will have success". Therefore if you do not have success, it must be because you did not have a good attitude, which is your fault. It's the contrapositive, right?
If you take "determines" to mean "is the sole determining factor ... at a given instant" then yes. But with a more conventional reading, unless you define a time-frame, deny randomness or otherwise specify an outcome - no.
"Will have" is a stronger rephrasing, but even with this wording it wouldn't necessarily blame your attitude as long as you're alive (and if one believes in afterlife the promise may as well never expire).
Again, if it helps go right ahead.