When Accolade Games reverse engineered the Sega Genesis (Megadrive) in the early nineties they employed the clean room technique with two groups of engineers. They went on to produce games for the Genesis without paying a royalty to Sega.
Exactly the example I was thinking of. It was a turning point for Microsoft in the David vs Goliath (IBM) story. Now their software could run on IBM-compatible hardware opening the floodgates for PC manufacturers
I cant remember the name, but there was a GNU replacement for flash, I believe one of the rules to contributing was that you had not ever even used Adobe Flash before.
Back around 2007 I used it for a while, it mostly worked okay but always came across things it wouldn't work with and went crawling back.