[ragnese]

> IMO the only way for this to actually work is to have the language/compiler force "exceptions" to be part of function signature. I am not aware of any mainstream language which does this.

Java. Also Swift.

Rust also counts if you squint and call Result a checked exception and panic an unchecked exception. It's a little different because you technically can ignore a returned Result- it's just a compiler warning, rather than an error. Similar for Haskell and OCaml.