[dgellow]

What about credit score systems like the German SCHUFA? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schufa.

They have their proprietary algorithm to calculate a credit score, for example you almost cannot find an apartment without presenting your SCHUFA review and there is now way to know how their score is calculated (it has even been shown in the past that they use incorrect or outdated data for their calculation).

That’s the definition of a black box in my book.