ARM takes it further and just licenses its IP, leaving to its licensees the decision of whether to outsource production to Asia.
Not all necessarily outsource to Asia. I think STMicro and Infineon still produce some ARM microcontrollers (microcontrollers; these are not smartphone CPUs) in Europe.
Not exactly.. ARM doesn't really produce their own chips and there are manufacturers that use ARM cores that produce chips in the EU (ST, Infinion and NXP as well I think) and US (TI). AMD still has GlobalFoundries produce things for them (and they have fabs in the US and in Germany).