Possibly https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_snow. I used to assume everyone had this but since it doesn't really affect day to day life for me it was never a concern.
Oh, huh. I definitely experience all of those, though only the photophobia is really constant. I've also got a photic sneeze reflex, so I had just always chalked those two together as a sensitivity to direct sunlight, and didn't even think to consider the dots or floaters as odd or connected.