Karl Popper and David Deutsch, among others, took up the position that the key characteristic of rationality is the ability to criticize other positions. This goes beyond rejecting authority appeals, and instead emphasizes that all possible philosophical positions are fallible to some extent.
A related concept is anti-foundationalism, which would purport that no system of knowledge can be based on infallible axioms. Their starting assumptions would always have to be defeasible, and thus can be criticized.
There are many forms of anti-foundationalism ranging from those stating that knowledge is a social construction based on changeable norms, to there being no such things as "givens".
And of course in continentalism Critical Theory literally takes being subversive as the role of its tradition.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancritical_rationalism
A related concept is anti-foundationalism, which would purport that no system of knowledge can be based on infallible axioms. Their starting assumptions would always have to be defeasible, and thus can be criticized.
There are many forms of anti-foundationalism ranging from those stating that knowledge is a social construction based on changeable norms, to there being no such things as "givens".
And of course in continentalism Critical Theory literally takes being subversive as the role of its tradition.