We are talking about Python and JavaScript from the top of this comment chain, and the 'user experience' of writing Java/C# is closer to Python and JavaScript than to, say, Haskell.
Why? Rust's type system is basically a more sophisticated version of Java's, JS is in the opposite direction - a much simpler dynamic type system. Rust's lifetimes and borrow checker is additional complexity that JS doesn't have. Rust has longer compilation times than JS, longer than Java. Etc.
>Why? Rust's type system is basically a more sophisticated version of Java's, JS is in the opposite direction - a much simpler dynamic type system.
I would argue that a sophisticated type system is closer to dynamic typing than a simple type system. A type system is like guard rails that prevent you from doing certain things. A sophisticated type system gives you more freedom and possibilities than a simple type system, and hence is closer to a dynamic type system without the guard rails at all.
Java gives you a decent way to build guard rails, Rust gives you a somewhat better way, JS doesn't give you any way at all.
A more sophisticated type system gives you more elegant ways of expressing constraints, with increased language complexity. Java falls in the middle with a fairly simple language and type system. Any code which you do not know how to structure within Java's type system can be written with some Objects/Maps/Collections and a bit of runtime logic - basically giving you what you'd do in JavaScript, though Java's type system is sufficiently powerful for 99% of real-world use cases.
The main issue I see Python and JS programmers face when coming to a statically typed language like Java is the additional complexity of a type system. Saying that a more complex type system would somehow be more familiar is just backwards.
> Any code which you do not know how to structure within Java's type system can be written with some Objects/Maps/Collections and a bit of runtime logic
Yeah, but that means jumping through hoops because of the lack of the typesystem. And that's what many people don't like, hence the whole thread. For you that might be fine, but please understand that there are other people out that who are not okay with it so easily.
> Java's type system is sufficiently powerful for 99% of real-world use cases
Rather the opposite. Every big project that uses reflection/introspection or annotations or some kind of code generation tooling shows that the typesystem is not sufficient. Yeah, there are some cases where the above techniques were used and could have been avoided (while keeping typesafety), but often they are just required.
And then Java does not even have proper sumtypes or union types (enums only work when the structure is identical and I mean... we could count some strange workarounds with static classes and private constructors that pretty much no one uses due to horrible ergonomics). And these literally appear everywhere.
> Any code which you do not know how to structure within Java's type system can be written with some Objects/Maps/Collections and a bit of runtime logic
Yeah, but that means jumping through hoops because of the lack of the typesystem. And that's what many people don't like, hence the whole thread. For you that might be fine, but please understand that there are other people out that who are not okay with it so easily.
Not jumping through hoops... the point is that you can write untyped code in Java similar to JS with similar complexity. If you really think JS is somehow better in this regard then writing horrible poorly-typed Java is not very different.
> Rather the opposite.
The opposite as in Java is arguably the most relied-upon language for enterprise-grade backend code, because it lacks 99% of features people would want? Okay.
> Every big project that uses reflection/introspection or annotations or some kind of code generation tooling shows that the typesystem is not sufficient.
Annotations and reflection are a feature of Java, they are not external to the language. Annotation and code generation are separate features from the type system - Rust's code generation and annotations are very commonly used. Reflection is equivalent to runtime typechecking that is common in JS. How can you say Java is worse then JS in this regard when the poor parts you point out are basically what JS does?
> And then Java does not even have proper sumtypes or union types (enums only work when the structure is identical and I mean... we could count some strange workarounds with static classes and private constructors that pretty much no one uses due to horrible ergonomics). And these literally appear everywhere.
First of all JS and Python do not have these either, so saying that Java is somehow worse in this regard is ridiculous. Furthermore the usefulness of sum types is fairly limited - what problem are you trying to solve with sum types in Java? Implementing an Either<A,B> is trivial in Java.
I think that applies to you a lot more. You're criticising Java for giving you a whole bunch of features which don't exist in Python or JS, while also saying the language sucks compared to Python/JS because it doesn't have features of Haskell. The fact that you think JS is somehow closer to Rust than Java makes me think you have very limited experience with these languages.
First of all, of course Rust hast some additional complexity because it is close to bare metal. But if you think this complexity away (to make it comparable to e.g. javascript), here are some reasons:
1) Better type-inference. In Java this has improved but is still much more clunky and boilerplatey. Good type-inference is important to not annoy the user.
2) Traits / type-classes. They enable a way of programming that comes much closer to duck-typing and avoid wrapping your objects in wrapper-classes to support interfaces like you are forced to do it in Java.
3) Better and less noisy error handling (looking at you Java, Go, C++ and most other languages)
You can't 'think away' the additional complexity of lifetimes and the borrow checker though. It's something you have to understand and keep in mind.
> Better type-inference. In Java this has improved but is still much more clunky and boilerplatey. Good type-inference is important to not annoy the user.
In my opinion, Java without type inference is fine - it's very minor issue, and there is a fairly limited scope of code that would actually benefit from type inference in terms of quality/readability. If you use a decent editor most of the redundant typing is auto-completed anyway.
> Traits / type-classes. They enable a way of programming that comes much closer to duck-typing and avoid wrapping your objects in wrapper-classes to support interfaces like you are forced to do it in Java.
Eh, Rust traits are better than Java's interfaces, but you can implement multiple interfaces for your own objects in Java without any wrappers. The issue is extending external objects to support new interfaces. Plus, the point is to have correct code defined and checked at interface/trait boundaries, something JS doesn't do at all.
> Better and less noisy error handling (looking at you Java, Go, C++ and most other languages)
The error messages for Rust can be much more complex than Java, and are probably more complex on average, simply because it's a more complex language and type system.
I would say the benefits of Java's type system far outweigh the imperfections and tiny costs when compared to a language like JS.
> You can't 'think away' the additional complexity of lifetimes and the borrow checker though
Of course you can't. But the problem of lifetimes does not go away, not matter if you use statical or dynamic typing. However, in javascript this problem does not exist, so obviously that can't be compared to Rust. If you use Rust, then because you _need_ this for performance.
> In my opinion, Java without type inference is fine
Fair enough, but most people see that very different, hence the unhappiness.
> Eh, Rust traits are better than Java's interfaces, but you can implement multiple interfaces for your own objects in Java without any wrappers. The issue is extending external objects to support new interfaces.
That's exactly what I said or at least meant. :)
> The error messages for Rust can be much more complex than Java
No no, not the error messages that the rust compiler gives you. I'm talking about error handling that the developer does.
> I would say the benefits of Java's type system far outweigh the imperfections and tiny costs when compared to a language like JS.
I agree, but just because the benefits outweight the problems, that doesn't mean people will be frustrated by these problematic parts. And let's not call it imperfections. Java is _so_ far away from perfection, that just gives your post a sarcastic touch.
> However, in javascript this problem does not exist, so obviously that can't be compared to Rust.
Static typing and a whole bunch of other things don't exist in JS as well. The point of a comparison is to highlight the differences and similarities. You were the one who said Rust is more similar to JS than Java, you can't just reduce the language to 'type inference and traits' - things JS doesn't have at all and say it's somehow similar to JS.
> Fair enough, but most people see that very different, hence the unhappiness.
You have data supporting this 'most people see it...' argument? Or you just made it up on the spot?
> No no, not the error messages that the rust compiler gives you. I'm talking about error handling that the developer does.
Error handling in Java is very straight forward and it's far more similar to JS than Rust is.
> And let's not call it imperfections. Java is _so_ far away from perfection, that just gives your post a sarcastic touch.
Java is a great language. It's not overly complex, it's fast, it has great tooling and IDE support, it has one of the largest library ecosystems. It has a huge developer community, many high profile projects, many high profile companies use it. It's easy to find decent Java developers for your project. It has a decent type system - far better than JS or python. From a pragmatic point of view Java is one of the best languages in existence.