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by karteum 2067 days ago
TDD base stations require synchronization (around 3µs) to avoid interfering with each others, but this does of course not apply if there is only one BS or if there is any other way to sync them (e.g. SyncE + IEEE-1588v2, G.8275...). See https://docdb.cept.org/download/220ac21f-b44b/ECCREP216.PDF

As far as I know 3GPP2 cdma2000/EV-DO also need GPS because the codes are synchronous (although I am not familiar with those technologies).

Apart from that, 3GPP FDD base stations only require a stable frequency reference, not a time reference (LTE/WCDMA base stations are not connected to GPS !)