You can do very similar things on macOS. `Option+E, A` generates á, `Option-U, U` yields ü, and so forth. There are tons of alternate characters available like this using the Option keys, generally covering the most used glyphs I've needed. Beyond that, the Rocket app is fantastic for finding and inserting emojis and more complicated emoticons by human-friendly name.
[1]: ± some depending on if you count multiple ways of creating the same character, etc. Eg. ‘≠’ can be made by combining / and = in either order. Also ‘Compose, number, s’ for footnotes, ‘Compose, +, -’ → ±, ‘Compose , <, '’ → “‘”, ‘Compose, -, >’ → “→”, ‘Compose, =, >” → “⇒” are nice. And υɳⅰеηⅽоⅾе.