Being French, I still find these names way better (as in clearer and more understandable for a foreigner) than the English ones. Why is ":" called a "colon"? That makes no sense!
It's from classical Greek/Latin rhetoric. In at least some grammarians' writings, there are grammatical units called the 'period', 'colon', and 'comma' (in decreasing order of granularity). The names became applied to punctuation separating those units as well.
Although, confusingly, I believe the English semicolon functions more similarly to the punctuation associated with a Greek/Latin colon.
It is pronounced almost exactly the same way (deux-points, point point) in french Canada. "Double-point" is valid according to Wikipedia, but I've never heard it before.
".." does not exist in French typography, we have the Points de suspension: "...", instead.
I'd like to add that it is wrong to think about commas, semi-colons, etc. in terms of duration of a pause in the speech. These signs articulate written sentences' syntax, and it sometimes relate to pauses when read aloud, but it is not a bijection. When analysing recordings, J. Drillon (Traité de la ponctuation française) showed that the correlation is really weak.
In fairness, the context of all this is ASCII characters, especially in the context of programming, not typography in human language. Various programming languages use ".." for expressing ranges. I think most (western) languages use the ellipsis "…" for the purposes you mention, which is actually typographically subtly different than 3 full stops.
Although, confusingly, I believe the English semicolon functions more similarly to the punctuation associated with a Greek/Latin colon.