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I can give you SF Bay Area perspective, where Ruby and especially Rails is quite popular. With the arrival of Docker and Kubernetes, immutable infrastructure patterns dramatically reduce costs, and the need for a centralized change management solution is nullified. At deploy time, some config and templating is useful, but Chef becomes overkill. People would want to use Chef-Zero, but Ansible in this scope have become wildly popular. Chef tried to adapt with Chef Workstation to do push-based config, but has inability to extract state from the system configured. The target system would have to update state to a server, which is fetched indirectly. This doesn't scale, so this is another reason why Ansible and Salt are popular. Puppet also experiences some of the same issues with Ansible eating their lunch and popularity of push-based config for immutable infra. They attempted to respond with Bolt, but Bolt is based on static hostnames or DNS names, which won't scale given dynamic nature of cloud native and transient ephemeral systems. In the case of managing fleets of systems that are not atomic stateless nodes, where you need to maintain a state across nodes within a set, both Puppet/Chef do not scale, and create outages (though window is small), because they have to synchronously push state to a server, and rely on eventual convergence. This doesn't scale in cloud computing. With push based config, you can set the cluster into the proper state, and then use service discovery (asynchronous updates) to maintain the state of the cluster. In K8S, kubectl/helm would fill the push role, and etcd used to maintain state. Outside of K8S, such as lambda in cloud, pulumi/terraform could push state, and discovery through cloud metadata (labels, tags, etc) or service discovery like consul to maintain the state. Chef and Puppet could have responded, but couldn't see past their own platforms that are based on managing desired state for groups of individual atomic systems. They also failed to monetize on things like inventory management that enterprises fork over a lot for such things. |