You could make your own, using pixel art scaling algorithms. (It's also very easy to scale binary images programmatically in something like GIMP by converting to true color, using low-artifacts Lanczos scaling and then going back to b/w binary. That gives you a very similar rendition to pixel art scaling, with no pixelation or blur but a smooth, painting-like effect.)
Nope, that's not it. An algorithmic approach won't do here - it needs an actual human filling pixels in on the basis of aesthetics rather than math.
It doesn't have to be scalable to arbitrary sizes - 2x of the original would do just fine on a wide variety of high-DPI screens, just as the original itself worked on a very broad historical range of non-high-DPI ones.
OK, then I think I get what you mean - scaling up the glyphs 2x and adding more bitmap detail, but perceptually sticking to the original shapes as closely as possible.
That's something I thought of in the past but it proved trickier than I expected to actually get nice enough results, so I never actually got very far with it but it's not impossible.
Yep, it's basically high-res pixel art. So it needs a good artist, and a lot of time. I doubt anybody's likely to do it as a free project, hence why I mentioned paying for it - a crowdsourcing arrangement, perhaps