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>If there was an actual energy efficiency advantage -- i.e. less power consumed for the same amount of work -- Google would already be 100% on ARM.

Energy Efficiency Wins on Server Workload is a very recent thing. To the point it is new as it basically start with N1 / AWS Graviton2. And even that is not ALL workload.

Not all software are optimised on ARM, compared to decades of optimisation on x86. Not to mention Compiler options and EPYC was running on bare Metal with NVMe SSD compared to Graviton 2 running on Amazon EBS.

And most importantly, you would be paying for 64 Thread on Amazon for the price of 64 Core Graviton 2. i.e It should be tested against a 32 Core EPYC 2 with SMT.

I still doubt G2 would win in the fair test, but it would be close, and it would be cheaper. And that is the point.