[Leszek]

Escaping isn't an intrinsic property of all quoted strings (e.g. single quoted strings in bash), but even so one can work around them without backreferences, by searching for anything that's not a quote or a backslash, _or_ any escaped character:

    /"([^"\\]|\\.)*"/

Now double that up with a single quote version if you wish.

What you can't match without backreferences, however, is strings with customisable terminators, e.g. the behaviour in sed that whatever character you use after `s` is the regex terminator (it doesn't have to be `/`), or raw strings in C++.