I have never used Laravel, but I am an avid user of Flask. In fact my current project is built in it. Do you mind expanding on why you're transitioning?
I hope you don't mind me saying, but it sounds like you didn't have the best setup (i.e.: > raw SQL queries with psycopg2). With a couple of packages your environment and dev process would be a lot smoother.
Flask is great and could work fine. I just found that Laravel was easy enough to scaffold things out a lot easier (like user auth). I'm new to web app dev as well and have found MVC and other framework concepts making more since as I develop more in Laravel. SQL queries worked fine for me but a lot of people disagree with doing things that way. In contrast, though, eloquent is much simpler once you learn.
I hope you don't mind me saying, but it sounds like you didn't have the best setup (i.e.: > raw SQL queries with psycopg2). With a couple of packages your environment and dev process would be a lot smoother.