[ianamartin]

>> When people refer to "typing", it is almost certainly reasonable to assume they are referring to static typing, as implemented by most languages.

Really? You're going to go with "most languages implement static typing"?

That seems like a bold statement.

[james-mcelwain]

I'm not making a claim about all languages, I'm talking about languages that support any kind of extensible type validation, whether statically or at runtime.

[kerkeslager]

If you're willing to include dynamic types, then I really don't know what you're even talking about. Literally no language I know of doesn't do validation at runtime: assembly does type validation at runtime (try dividing by zero).