[wahern]

The number of physicians per capita in the U.S. is greater than Canada or Japan, both of which have cheaper healthcare. Yes, apparently most European countries have a significantly higher ratio. But, interestingly, all the Anglo countries (UK/GB, US, AU, IE) seem to cluster together.

The issue seems more complex than something simple like number of physicians. A high ratio is unnecessary for cheaper, quality healthcare (e.g. Canada, Japan), and whatever dynamics control the ratio in the U.S. (schooling, licensing) probably also exist in other countries with similar legal systems, but with different outcomes.

Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?location...

EDIT: Looking at the ratio of GP to specialists for Canada (~1:1) and California (~1:2), it's more likely that the problem (such as it relates to numbers of physicians) is that we have too many specialists in the U.S. See https://www.cma.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/Physician%20Data/... and https://www.chcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CAPhysicianS... And that probably has to do with 1) how we consume healthcare in this country and 2) the career expectations of medical students. And arguably this is a typical pattern of American culture more generally and in all our industries. Everybody wants to push the envelope and everybody expects the products and services they consume to be bleeding edge, both as a cultural expectation and in pursuit of higher profits--as consumers we tend to assume more costly services are more advanced.

[HPsquared]

The regulatory restrictions don't just apply to the doctors themselves, but have expanded to stifle innovation in every part of the system, from hospitals to equipment to drugs to administration. Each takes its toll.