[krisvage]

While Vipps works well today, compared to MPESA it was developed when the market had already matured and you could rely on every user owning a smartphone. Telenor and DNB actually tried to release something similar to MPESA years before, but since the application had to be installed on the SIM card you had to be both a DNB and Telenor customer [1].

Vipps is not decoupled today, but has been merged with the e-identity (BankID) and e-invoicing (eFaktura) to form a monopoly behemoth owned by most banks in Norway with DNB as the largest non-majority owner.

[1] Source in Norwegian: https://www.digi.no/artikler/telenor-og-dnb-gir-opp-valyou/3...