[h0l0cube]

I do sometimes entertain the idea of panpsychism (like perhaps a rock is conscious), and consciousness may not be substrate dependent, but I can be certain, by at least my own anecdata, that neurons give rise to qualia.

The jury is still out on this, but a big-world network with some quantum computation could be enough. The 'hard problem of consciousness' is that we can't really know by observing a system whether it is conscious or not, or rather a sort of 'zombie' that has all the features resembling a conscious being without qualia.