the example I was directly thinking of was Italy's IRI from 1933[0] which was a conglomerate directly aimed at restructuring failing public companies through nationalization, it kept doing it for decades. AFAIK other countries had similar national behemoths.
The US set up the Home Owners' Loan Corporation[1] during the great depression to refinance loans saving a lot of banks from disaster (tho helping common folks too), and there were also the savings and loan bailout in the '80s and '90s[2]. Chrysler was bailed out in 1979[3] and Lockheed in 1971.