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And how does that supposedly work? Why do shareholders go along with it?

And what is stopping people from creating businesses that don't do that?

It sounds much like a conspiracy theory to me. The mysterious world of finance that everybody just know to be evil.

I don't doubt that shady things happen. But there has to be a better explanation than "evil businessmen extract value". And how is it "extracting", when people get actual services in return? If I buy an apple at a supermarket, has the supermarket extracted money from me?