[derefr]

Not spawning, forking. Web servers were simple “accept(2) then fork(2)” loops for a long time. This is, for example, how inetd(8) works. Later, servers like Apache were optimized to “prefork” (i.e. to maintain a set of idle processes waiting for work, that would exit after a single request.)

Long-running worker threads came a long time later, and were indeed intensely criticized from a security perspective at the time, given that they’d be one use-after-free away from exposing a previous user’s password to a new user. (FCGI/WSGI was criticized for the same reason, as compared to the “clean” fork+exec subprocess model of CGI.)

Note that in the context of longer-running connection-oriented protocols, servers are still built in the “accept(2) then fork(2)” model. Postgres forks a process for each connection, for example.

One lesser-thought-about benefit of the forking model, is that it allows the OS to “see” requests; and so to apply CPU/memory/IO quotas to them, that don’t leak over onto undue impacts on successive requests against the same worker. Also, the OOM killer will just kill a request, not the whole server.

[mehrdadn]

Thanks for that last paragraph, I'd never thought about that aspect of processes. Learned something new today.