Firefox's preference is "font.system.whitelist". You can specify a list of which fonts are exposed to web content (such as the default set shipped with your OS). The preference is used by the Tor browser.
Does Safari actually do something similar? On my Mac, amiunique.org reports 344 fonts in Safari, 331 in Firefox (not using "font.system.whitelist"), and 309 in Chrome.
Firefox has an about:config preference that would let you set up a font whitelist yourself, but it doesn’t have a standard set.