[hyperpape]

Great point. In addition to caching, there's potential for branch prediction effects.

This is why the JMH samples warn against including loops[0] of the operations you're trying to measure, and have an API that's designed to avoid the programmer having to every write their own looping code.

[0] https://hg.openjdk.java.net/code-tools/jmh/file/7bc6011260aa...

[stygiansonic]

Great point about using JMH. As of JDK 12, it’s included in the SDK: https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/230

What’s the equivalent of JMH for Python?

[hyperpape]

I'm afraid I don't know, I really don't have any particular knowledge of performance engineering in Python.

[pvg]

I'm not sure the JMH is meaningfully included in the JDK for others to use. The JDK happens to come with some JMH-based benchmarks in the source tree, that seems to be about it.