Nope. Read that comment again. Tax the carbon coming out of the ground. That's easy to measure - it's however many barrels of petroleum or nat gas or coal is being sold. The effects of that tax cascade through the rest of the economy.
You can't tax carbon coming out of the ground in other countries.
If I produce something and emit carbon in a foreign country, then import that thing into your country, you need to make sure that import gets taxed on the emitted carbon. So you need to estimate that emitted carbon.
Your proposal only works if every single country worldwide agrees to tax carbon at the same rate, and effectively applies it.