I put this in another comment, but I think you're thinking 'a' is a category, but it's an object in a category. The type for a functor (in Haskell) is Hask -> Hask, which is represented by the star notation Sniffnoy uses. That is, it sends objects of Hask to objects of Hask. The object mapping for a functor in Haskell is defined by its "data" or "type" definition.
The notation "a -> f a" means a function that sends elements of 'a' to elements of 'f a', where 'a' is an object of the category Hask. (Functors don't look into the objects at the element level.)
No. It's not a -> f a. It's * -> *. There is no a -> f a here. You are simply mistaken in thinking that any such thing is part of the definition of a functor.
The notation "a -> f a" means a function that sends elements of 'a' to elements of 'f a', where 'a' is an object of the category Hask. (Functors don't look into the objects at the element level.)