If I don't want Google to run my email, I just switch providers, let's say protonmail or fastmail, etc. But I don't have to give a new address to all my acquaintances.
Government owns the prefix that is rented to businesses who wants to start their phone company (well at least in Europe).
Also the prefix in the phone number is exactly like a domain.
Even if there were no prefixes, one way or another you need a governing body that ensures no clashes occur and has power to decide on disputes. So no two companies try to assign same number to two different customers.
If I don't want Google to run my email, I just switch providers, let's say protonmail or fastmail, etc. But I don't have to give a new address to all my acquaintances.