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by jcranmer 2460 days ago
The concept is known as "incorporation"--Wikipedia has a detail here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_R...

In short, until the 14th Amendment (and even for some time afterwards), it was generally held that the Bill of Rights only bound Congress. The 1st Amendment starts with "Congress shall make no law," explicitly limiting it to the federal government. While the other amendments don't explicitly mention Congress or states, the original proposals did explicitly include mention of states in some of them, which were struck out before being accepted by Congress.