I seem to remember a case where files were being uploaded to a server where they were only retained in memory and that qualified as a copyright violation, but I'm having trouble actually finding it.
Note that there is an exception for such a copy when it’s necessary to run the program, I believe this exemption was added because otherwise running an executable on a personal computer would have been a copyright violation.
> a) Making of Additional Copy or Adaptation by Owner of Copy.— Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make or authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer program provided:
> (1) that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential step in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a machine and that it is used in no other manner, or
> (2) that such new copy or adaptation is for archival purposes only and that all archival copies are destroyed in the event that continued possession of the computer program should cease to be rightful.
Note that there is an exception for such a copy when it’s necessary to run the program, I believe this exemption was added because otherwise running an executable on a personal computer would have been a copyright violation.
https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html
> a) Making of Additional Copy or Adaptation by Owner of Copy.— Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make or authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer program provided:
> (1) that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential step in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a machine and that it is used in no other manner, or
> (2) that such new copy or adaptation is for archival purposes only and that all archival copies are destroyed in the event that continued possession of the computer program should cease to be rightful.