The environment knows nothing about "China" or "USA" either, these are just arbitrary groupings of people. You can compare the whole of the USA with arbitrary subsets of China, and find that the USA is the biggest polluter in absolute terms. Of course it's as pointless as comparing the whole of China with the whole of US, what counts is the per capita emissions. Qed.
If you pee in the river once a month, but the municipality of the town upstream decides to release its entire sewage into it, does the river calculate the impact per-capita?
"America is worse per capita" is a bad excuse for China to do nothing.