Yes it does: lsusb -v upon linux shows exactly that information. Not sure upon windows flavours of doing that beyond gui digging some properties, but the values are in there.
Sadly the number you are thinking about is self reported by the device - it is required by the spec to report its bMaxPower in USB Configuration Descriptor. This field is merely a convenience and a promise. http://dangerousprototypes.com/docs/Designing_USB_Devices_fo...