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The US political spectrum is such that many Democrats are right wing by European, or at least Nordic, standards. What people tend to characterize as "utopia" is the socialist welfare state, where means are tested to a much lesser degree. What countries like Norway have increasingly done is to move from that system to a more liberal one. That is where you find yourself "begging the government for help", because you don't fit into the market. This is a bit of a long paste, but people don't generally understand the differences: --- There are three measures for welfare-state regime stratification: conservative, liberal and social democratic. For the conservative welfare-state regimes, the traditional societal class model is a prevalent idea, but also the rejection of capitalism. Which leaves conservatism between the market based ideology of liberalism and the social democratic wish for social leveling. EspingAndersen distinguishes between two branches of conservatism: corporatism and etatism. Corporatism is described as a response to industrialism and its effects: social fragmentation and individualization. In modern societies, corporatism is described as "...built around occupational groupings seeking to uphold traditionally recognized status distinctions and use these as the organizational nexus for society and economy". Corporatism was mostly influential in the continental European nations, as a response to the Church’s strong position. Etatism, on the other hand, focuses on the primacy of the state. Esping-Andersen illustrates etatism with Bismarck’s wish to tie workers directly to the state with social benefits, instead of tying workers to the guilds, as in the corporatist model. Today, etatism can be traced in two areas of welfare state stratification, where one is giving generous welfare provision to civil servants, giving state servants an elevated position in society, as in countries such as Austria, Germany and France. The other area where etatism can be noted today is the relatively generous poor-relief or income protection, based on the idea of
noblesse oblige. The liberal response to the conservative ideas of etatism was the opposite. The state and the stratified society were seen as something that had gotten in the way of market emancipation, and in extension, individual liberty. Social policy were to be replaced by the market in order to achieve social leveling, not to eliminate aid, but to have a less active state. Today, liberalism does accept income-tested social benefits, although it is associated with social stigma to be a social assistance beneficiary. Due to the core liberal idea of the smallest state possible, benefits are usually means-tested and modest, given only to those that are genuinely poor, creating the stigma. The liberal welfare-state system is based on the notion that those who are entrepreneurial and self-reliant should be rewarded. Social insurances exists, but they are privately held and paid for. The socialist movement started as a response both to conservative and liberal reforms. The most important notion of socialism was to change the societal stratification and achieve social leveling. The primary target was to change the means-tested poor laws since they created a stigma within the proletariat and that beneficiaries were disenfranchised. The social democratic idea of universal benefit system as a prolongation of democratic rights was most evident in the Scandinavian countries and particularly in the Swedish "People’s home". The universal benefit system came to include even the middle-class in order to "preserve the solidarity of a universalistic welfare state". A universal benefit system denotes a system where social aid is for everyone. This picture is somewhat simplified, although benefits are universal in general, and more general than the means-tested system where only a limited group qualifies for benefits. Moreover, the socialist movement focused on the concept of solidarity and in extension, one of its most distinctive features: centralized bargaining trough trade unions. --- Do Capitalist Welfare States Still Consist of ”The Good, the Bad and the Ugly?”
http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordO... |
Both are vulnerable to being hijacked. Financial variant can be driven into the ground by others cutting corners or essentially exploiting workers - plain corporatism. The democratic bottom up variant shares the vulnerabilities vs demagoguery but makes it harder to counter, though also more expensive to pull off. Also does nothing against special interests or basic greed.
(USSR was actually etatist conservative bureaucracy rather than socialism.)