[Juha]

One thing to note is that the whole Chinese Android ecosystem currently works without those Google services or Play Store. It's still challenging to push system without Google globally, but at least they have experience with that locally in China.

[ETHisso2017]

How do they replicate the functionality that Google Services provide? And could they bring that functionality to the rest of the world?

[LadyNike]

It's just very different.

For example, there are a ton of SDKs that provide push notifications, such as Baidu, Tencent, etc...

There are also "super apps", such as WeChat, that offer their own API surface and can be preferable to some app devs.

Then there are some things, such as "advertising id", which none of these SDKs provide (at the moment?).

So yeah, the answer is somewhere between "it's complicated" and "no one".

[nickonline]

They use massive mega apps e.g. WeChat