[matt4077]

And, following this, these different effects probably have different values for society, i. e.:

- Replacing public transit = unmitigated bad

- Replacing walking, bike = even worse, bikes are unbeatable for health, space efficiency, energy use, noise, and really any other category

- Replacing using own car = close to neutral, maybe slightly positive, especially when it allows people on the margin forgo car ownership entirely

- Non-consumption = likely positive, taking a trip you otherwise wouldn't take is a sign of increased freedom/participation in society and would tend to outweigh environmental concerns in my subjective judgement