[jcriddle4]

"...In 2018, Agrawal...studied...661 open source and 171 in-house proprietary projects. In that sample, over 89% of all projects were hero-based..." In theory a "professional" project would want efficiency so all developers contributing fairly equally however the data does not support that. Wide variances in developer productivity are widely documented. I would think open source projects also have to work to onboard and mentor new developers or they would eventually die out. You might say that professional projects are possibly larger but the study indicated size didn't matter "...the bug injection distributions of heroes and nonheroes is barely changed after stratifying the data according to project size. Hence, when discussing the external validity of these conclusions, we need not explore issues of team size and hero prevalence." I don't see any data that suggests this study would not generalize to professional projects.