Another commenter pointed out that the captain is pulling back as hard as he possibly can on the yoke; releasing it to turn a trim wheel instead may have been just as deadly.
Vmo incorporates a factor of safety in its specification, so exceeding it is not a "parts fall off the aircraft" event.
Vne is where things start to get scary because it's usually based on flutter, which can catastrophically damage/destroy the aircraft in very short order.
Yes. But it doesn't include full control deflections and certainly not control deflections in opposition to one another. Even at Va rapid control movements and control movements in multiple axes can permently damage the aircraft.