AFAIK there are several ways to embed LaTeX and mathematical formulas in AsciiDoc such as asciidoctor-latex [1] or ASCIIMathML and LaTeXMathML [2].
AsciiDoc also allows embedding literal paragraphs or blocks of text [3]. I think the mechanism of passthrough macros [4] can be used to copy raw text to the output and allow further processing down the pipeline, though I'm not sure how it's used.