[AnthonyMouse]

Propensity scoring is a method of applying statistical controls. How does it address the issue of controls compounding measurement error?

[apathy]

That’s the whole point of doubly robust models. However, in the event of confounding by indication or sampling misspecification, my experience is that nothing can save you.

I am a rather strong proponent of randomized trials for this exact reason. (They can also have sampling bias, but some degree of noise is inevitable)