[kyloon]

The scientific process typically involves making inferences and conclusions based on an observation, whereby the result often include biases and in some cases even ill-constructed hypotheses that are caused by assumptions and imperfect information.

One way to reduce 'fraud' and also increase accountability of the individuals and organizations is to secure raw data at its source which the veracity of the data that will be subsequently used to support downstream conclusions can be easily verified and attributed to its source. I'd say a bottom up approach here is more holistic as it incentivizes people to produce high quality research that future work can then be reliably be built on top of.