[narag]

The reason VTC licenses are expensive is that it were first illegal, then EU forced legality with a directive, then government found a loophole to forbid them again, so there was a window of a few years when they could be obtained.

So artificial scarcity.

Edit: Oh and BTW it was taxi drivers who mostly benefited by the price boom. They bought the licenses for less than 200 and sold them by thousands.