[rsln-s]

> Are there types of problems where this is known to be faster now?

Not yet. This is commonly called "quantum advantage" or "quantum supremacy", i.e. proof that on a certain (even artificial and with no practical applications) problem a quantum computer can perform better than classical state-of-the-art. So far even for the task of simulating quantum circuits (which quantum computer should definitely be better at!) we don't have enough cubits to have a go at quantum advantage.

Depending on connectivity (full connectivity like on ionQ vs planar connectivity like IBM / Rigetti), we need between 100-200 and thousands of qubits to show quantum advantage (denser connectivity -> lower qubit number requirement). And that's just for a synthetic problem with no applications.